See how the ancients played fake rights

The orderly market in the Qingming Shanghe Map.

Wang Zhongya

In recent years, anti-counterfeiting has become an important part of market management in the field of circulation. The management department has continuously maintained a high-pressure and strict situation against fraudulent sales and sales, so that China's commercial market is continuously purified. In fact, the acts of counterfeiting, selling fakes, shortness of shortfalls, shoddy shoddy, shoddy filling, and false filling of the interests of consumers have always existed in ancient times and have always been denounced by society. Although there were no "Consumer Rights Protection Law" and "Consumer Rights Day" in ancient times, from some laws and regulations, historical records and folk records, it is still possible to see the importance attached to the fight against counterfeit and shoddy goods and the protection of consumer rights.

Counterfeit and shoddy products have been banned since ancient times

The earliest anti-counterfeit products in ancient China can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago. Because at that time the state issued a system decree to counterfeit in the market. According to the "Book of Rites, Wang System", at the time, the sale of food was formulated as follows: "The grain is not ripe, the fruit is not cooked, and the porridge is not in the city." This means that foods such as grains and fruits that are not yet mature must not be bought or sold in the market. . Zhou Chao also stipulated that "the device is not moderate, not porridge in the city; the military vehicle is not moderate, not porridge in the city; the cloth is not thick, the amplitude is narrow and not medium, and the porridge is not in the city; Not porridge in the city." That is to say, if the size, quantity, color, etc. of the goods do not meet the standard, they will be treated as “counterfeit and shoddy” and will not be allowed to trade on the market.

In the Han Dynasty, foreign trade began to become active. In the second year of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, 139 BC, the servant of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Wei, was ordered to send out the Western Regions. He opened the passage of the Han Dynasty to the Western Regions, spread the original text to the Western Regions, and introduced the bloody horses from the Western countries. Grapes, clams, pomegranates, flax and other species to the Central Plains have promoted the exchange of Eastern and Western civilizations. This road is the famous "Silk Road". Due to the limited number of imported goods, the market could not meet the needs of the market at one time, so the phenomenon of counterfeiting increased, resulting in rotted foods flooding the market. Such foods have potential safety hazards and seriously endanger people's health. To this end, the court issued a special decree. If the food sold causes poisoning of the purchaser, it is necessary not only to punish the perpetrator but also to hold the relevant officials accountable.

The law of anti-counterfeiting in Tang and Song

In fact, both the Zhou Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, in the fight against counterfeit and shoddy goods, although some specific regulations were introduced, it is the Tang Dynasty that truly formed a complete legal system for counterfeiting. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, he completed an extremely important code, called "Tang Law Discussion", also known as "Yong Hui Lu Shu". It is the earliest and most complete ancient criminal code in China, with a total of 30 volumes. There are strict regulations on food management in "Tang Law Discussion": if the merchant finds that the food has deteriorated, it must be burned immediately. Otherwise, once someone has poisoned the food, the merchant will be sentenced to at least one year in prison. If the victim suffers from poisoning, then the merchant will be hanged for the crime of manslaughter. It can be said that the Tang Dynasty was a period of comprehensive and mature food safety supervision in ancient China. Not only was the system well-equipped, but the laws were detailed and the punishment measures were strict.

When Bai Juyi, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty, was an official, he had tried a case of deteriorating food causing death. A passenger was eating at a restaurant on the way out, and was poisoned because of the deterioration of the meat he had eaten. The owner of the hotel was therefore sued to the official residence. When Bai Juyi learned that the fatality of the dead man was bought by a restaurant owner at a trader, he tried the case according to the provisions of the Law of Tang Dynasty and immediately sent the servant to capture it. The vendor who sells spoiled meat. This not only severely punishes the vendors who sell the deteriorated meat, but also blocks the source of the sale of spoiled meat.

In addition, "Tang Law Negotiation" stipulates that "the genus of the creators and the shackles of the creators are indiscriminate, short and narrow, and sellers, each with eighty." The so-called "proficiency" refers to the inferior quality of goods; the so-called "short-narrow" refers to the shortage of quantity, which are counterfeit and shoddy goods that do not meet the statutory standards. For those who sell these fake and shoddy goods, they must play eighty boards. The Tang Dynasty also has a "three-day return" rule, which is similar to the current return system. "Tang Law Discussion" said that as long as the consumer has a contract at the time of purchase, if the problem is found within three days after the purchase, the seller can return the seller; if the seller does not return, he can report it to the official government, and the official will force the seller to return it. And "笞40", that is, pumping the seller forty lashes. It can be seen that the market management during the Tang Dynasty was still very strict.

In addition to cracking down on counterfeit and shoddy goods as well as the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty also attached importance to the self-discipline of industry associations in the quality management of food and medicine. The industry associations not only assisted the government in combating the inferior and counterfeit medicines sold on the market, but also on food, Drugs adulterated, sub-filled fake businesses must also be held accountable. The Northern Song Dynasty thus became the earliest dynasty in ancient times to allow merchants to set up guilds. In order to control the chaos of selling fake medicines and inferior drugs in the market, when Wang Anshi promoted the reform, he introduced the "City Easy Law", which stipulates that drug monopoly is not allowed to be produced and operated by anyone. In order to prevent the private counterfeit drugs from being sold as official drugs, the Song Dynasty’s Huimin Bureau and the Pharmaceutical Administration Bureau, which are responsible for pharmaceuticals, have the big prints of the words “Pharmaceutical Bureau Seal” and “Healing Agent Book”. At the same time, the four bureaus of the East, South, West and North are also stamped with six-character seals. At that time, the emperor also squatted. If someone made fake drugs, forged prescriptions and official seals, they should be strictly enforced according to the "falsification regulations."

In order to combat the common shortcomings in the market and fraudulent consumers, the Tang and Song Dynasties also have a very strict management system for weights and measures. In the "Changing Order" promulgated by the Tang Dynasty, there are provisions to strengthen the management of weights and measures: "Where the official and private balances are measured. Every February. 诣 诣 藏 藏 。 。. It is not in Beijing. 诣 诣 平 。 。. This is the official and private measurement and measurement apparatus. Every February, it must be sent to the relevant government for inspection and correction. The capital of the capital of the province is the head of the Ministry of Finance and the place where the capital is located. The calibrated metrics can be used. Therefore, if the wooden ruler for weighing cloth, the copper scale for weighing, or the container for bucket, liter, and combination does not meet the statutory standards, the holder will be severely punished. By the Song Dynasty, the system was more detailed, and every month, a measure of weights and measures would be conducted to reduce the phenomenon of fraud in the market. After Wang Anshi promoted the reform, he even checked three times a month. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the untested tools were not allowed to be used in the market. If there is a violation of the rules, there will be heavy penalties.

Ming and Qing Dynasties use "heavy code"

In the first year of the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty, in 1368, the emperor Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the establishment of the military and military divisions in Nanjing and the foreign capitals. "Every once every three days, the school graduated from the market, the scales, and the dents." Name, when the price is." The weights and measures used in trading in the market must be in accordance with officially-customized standards and must be approved by the government for use. After Ming Chengzu Zhu Yu moved to Beijing, he still managed the metrology and balance management according to this regulation. The first year of Emperor Renzong Hongxi, that is, 1425 AD), the first year of the Ming Yingzong orthodox, that is, the year 1436, the second year of the Ming Dynasty, the two years of the Ming Dynasty, namely, 1451 AD, Ming Xianzong Chenghua five years, that is, 1469 AD, Ming Shizong Jiajing In the twenty-seventh year, in 1548, the court had issued a nuclear school measurement and measurement decree. "Where the weights and measures are awarded by the collation, it is suspended in the city, and the sin is not moderate." The production and calibration of the standard measuring device was initially carried out by the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and later changed to the Ministry of Industry.

During the Qing Dynasty, the market management system of the Ming Dynasty was basically followed. In the "Law of the Qing Dynasty", there was a "market shackle". The "market" is the market, and there are clear regulations on its management. The punishment for the short-term behavior in the market is also extremely severe. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the officers of the Terracotta Warriors "once two to three days, regularly collating the market scales of the market." Once the cheating is discovered, it is immediately disposed of. The most direct way is to confiscate the dumplings, buckets, scales, rulers or destroy them on the spot. In the Qing Dynasty Law, there are also provisions for the illegal and private measures of measuring and measuring instruments: "Where the private shackles, buckets, scales, and scales are not fair, exercise in the city, and the officers will drop, fight, scale, and ruler to increase or decrease. Ten, artisans are guilty."

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the behaviors that endangered food safety were particularly severe, and all were subjected to "heavy codes." According to the "Ming Dynasty Market Management" records: Jiajing thirty-three years, that is, in 1554 AD, the court issued a decree: "selling pig and mutton water, and rice and wheat mixed with sand and oil sellers, than the merchants will be official salt and sand goods The seller, the rod is eighty." In addition to the decree of the Qing Dynasty in the "Large Qing Laws and Comparative Laws", Qianlong also stipulated: "Where the meat of the poultry is sold, causing death or disability, He was sentenced to heavy punishment, not to wide-ranging." During the Daoguang period, there was a murder case caused by the sale of spoiled pork. As a result, the seller who sold the deteriorated pork was arrested and arrested by Shuntianfu, and was soon sentenced to "decision."

(Image from the network)

(Editor: HN666)

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